zinc processing, the extraction of zinc from its ores and the preparation of zinc metal or chemical compounds for use in various products. Zinc (Zn) is a metallic element of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure and a density of 7.13 grams per cubic centimetre. It has only moderate hardness and can be made ductile and easily worked at ...
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sodium (Na), chemical element of the alkali metal group (Group 1 [Ia]) of the periodic table. Sodium is a very soft silvery-white metal. Sodium is the most common alkali metal and the sixth most abundant element on Earth, comprising 2.8 percent of Earth's crust. It occurs abundantly in nature in compounds, especially common salt —sodium ...
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Most used process for titanium production Commercialization of Argon in the 1930s Von Bolton Arc Furnace modified from use in Tantalum Suzuki, R. O.; Deura, T. N.; Ishii, R.; …
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Other articles where Hunter process is discussed: titanium processing: History: …is now known as the Hunter process. Metal of significant ductility was produced in 1925 by the Dutch scientists A.E. van Arkel and J.H. de Boer, who dissociated titanium tetraiodide on a hot filament in an evacuated glass bulb.
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Niobium processing - Alloying, Refining, Applications: Demands in the construction, transportation, and energy industries for stronger, tougher, more formable, and more weldable steel brought the development of the family of HSLA steels. As noted above, the addition of niobium to these steels gives rise to the improved properties while allowing a …
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The titanium is first processed at the ore site to separate titanium minerals from gangue or unwanted metals. This step is followed by chemical processing to …
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Plutonium (Pu), radioactive chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 94. It is the most important transuranium element because of its use as fuel in certain types of nuclear reactors …
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This paper presents a brief review of the history of titanium smelting and the current trends in related research and development. Presently, both electrolytic and …
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Other articles where titanium oxide is discussed: titanium processing: Chemical compounds: Titanium oxide is widely prized for its opaque quality in coatings, plastics, high-gloss paints, ceramics, industrial enamels, paper, and inks. The compound is nontoxic and is the most common white pigment in the world.
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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. heat exchanger, any of several devices that transfer heat from a hot to a cold fluid. In many engineering applications it is desirable to increase the temperature of one fluid while cooling another. This double action is economically accomplished by a heat exchanger.
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This literature review gives an insight into the titanium industry, including the titanium resources and processes of production. It focuses on ilmenite as a major …
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Titanium - Compounds, Alloys, Uses: In its compounds, titanium exhibits oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4, as in the oxygen compounds titanium monoxide, TiO, dititanium xide, Ti2O3, and titanium dioxide, TiO2, respectively. The +4 oxidation state is the most stable. The chemistry of titanium in the +2 state is rather restricted. By contrast, many …
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South Africa - Resources, Power, Economy: South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, …
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Materials processing, operations that transform industrial materials from raw materials into finished parts or products. In the early 19th century the basic machines for forming, shaping, and cutting were developed. Since then, materials-processing methods, techniques, and machinery have grown in variety and number.
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In titanium processing: Ores. Titanium is the fourth most abundant structural metal on Earth, exceeded only by aluminum, iron, and magnesium. Workable mineral deposits are dispersed worldwide and include sites in Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Ukraine . Read More; tungsten. In tungsten processing: Ores
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B-ASM-044. This new book covers all aspects of the history, physical metallurgy, corrosion behavior, cost factors and current and potential uses of titanium. The history of titanium is traced from its early …
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Other articles where titanium carbide is discussed: titanium processing: Chemical compounds: Titanium carbide (TiC) is used extensively for cutting tools because of its combination of wear resistance and high hardness. It is one of the hardest natural carbides. Titanium nitride (TiN) has an attractive yellow colour that is used in jewelry and …
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Manufacturing Process of Titanium. A procedure known as the Kroll process is used to manufacture titanium metal. There are five stages to this process. The first stage is extraction, the second is purification, the third is sponge manufacture, the fourth is alloy creation, and the fifth is forming and shaping. 1. Extraction
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Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 46 Ti, 47 Ti, 48 Ti, 49 Ti and 50 Ti with 48 Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Eleven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44 Ti with a half-life of 63 years, 45 Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51 Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52 Ti with a half …
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These steels rely on carbon for hardening by heat treatment. The nickel toughens the steel and slows the hardening process so that larger sections can be heat-treated. A carbon-free iron alloy known as maraging steel has been developed. It contains 18 percent nickel, plus cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum.
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In the Kroll process, one of the ores, such as ilmenite (FeTiO 3) or rutile (TiO 2 ), is treated at red heat with carbon and chlorine to yield titanium tetrachloride, TiCl 4, which is fractionally distilled to eliminate impurities such as ferric chloride, FeCl 3. The TiCl 4 is then reduced with…. Read More. In titanium processing: History.
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This may be a batch process known as general galvanizing or a continuous coating of coils of steel strip. In general galvanizing, steel is pickled in acid, treated with fluxing agents, and then dipped in a bath of molten zinc at about 450 °C (840 °F). Layers of iron-zinc alloy are formed on the surface and are topped with an outer layer of zinc.
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alloy, metallic substance composed of two or more elements, as either a compound or a solution. The components of alloys are ordinarily themselves metals, though carbon, a nonmetal, is an essential constituent of steel. Alloys are usually produced by melting the mixture of ingredients. The value of alloys was discovered in very ancient …
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nickel processing, preparation of the metal for use in various products. Although it is best known for its use in coinage, nickel (Ni) has become much more important for its many industrial applications, which owe their importance to a unique combination of properties. Nickel has a relatively high melting point of 1,453 °C (2,647 °F) and a ...
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Tin processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tin (Sn) is a relatively soft and ductile metal with a silvery white colour. It has a density of 7.29 grams per cubic centimetre, a low melting point of 231.88 °C (449.38 °F), and a high boiling point of 2,625 °C (4,757 °F). Tin is
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Other articles where titanium tetrachloride is discussed: titanium processing: Chemical compounds: Titanium tetrachloride, the starting material for TiO2 pigments and titanium metal, serves the same function for many titanium compounds and is …
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In titanium processing: Alpha and beta phases. …can exist is called the beta transus; this can range from 700 °C (1,300 °F) to as high as 1,050 °C (1,900 °F), depending on alloy composition. Final mechanical working and heat treatments of titanium alloys are generally conducted below the beta transus temperature in order to achieve the ...
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Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in Earth's crust. The chief ores combine the dioxide with other elements. Rutile (TiO 2) is a mass of red to brown crystals of the dioxide with some iron. Ilmenite is a complex oxide of titanium and iron (FeTiO 3 ). The most largely used compound is titanium dioxide.
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Papermaking - Bleaching, Washing, Drying: The use of calcium and sodium hypochlorites to bleach paper stock dates from the beginning of the 19th century. In the early days of sulfite pulp manufacture, a single-stage treatment of pulp at low consistency, using calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime), satisfied most requirements. This simple bleaching …
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Nickel processing - Heat-Resistant Alloys: Nickel is resistant to oxidation at high temperatures and to electrical erosion. For these reasons, alloys that are high in nickel, such as the 4 percent manganese alloy, are used for spark plug electrodes in automobiles and for other types of ignitors. The addition of 15–20 percent of chromium to nickel vastly …
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In titanium. …the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor and independently rediscovered (1795) and named by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. Read More. In titanium processing: History. …sands by an English clergyman, William Gregor. The actual identification of the oxide was made a few years later by a German chemist, M ...
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Silver brazing fillers are the most frequently used precious-metal fillers. They are suitable for brazing nearly all steels and nonferrous metals except aluminum, magnesium, and titanium. A typical brazing alloy composition is 50 percent silver, …
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Electrochemical process. Most potential for future titanium production. Can use natural TiO. 2 instead of TiCl 4 Less energy than Kroll. Inspired by aluminum's Hall-Heroult Process . Carbon rod used as anode. Uses the metal's oxide form. Yan, Yong & Fray, Derek. (2010). Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction and ...
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stainless steel, any one of a family of alloy steels usually containing 10 to 30 percent chromium. In conjunction with low carbon content, chromium imparts remarkable resistance to corrosion and heat. Other elements, such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, niobium, copper, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or selenium, may be added to ...
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Hafnium is chemically similar to zirconium. Both transition metals have similar electronic configurations, and their ionic radii (Zr 4+, 0.74 Å, and Hf 4+, 0.75 Å) and atomic radii (zirconium, 1.45 Å, and hafnium, 1.44 Å) …
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