The parameters that are believed to influence the liquefaction potential of iron ore fines, including pore air and water pressures, moisture migration, segregation as well as other changes in physical properties, are monitored and compared to the behaviour at the TML determined from the MPFT. This study concludes that moisture migration, caused ...
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Modelling the stability of iron ore bulk cargoes during marine transport. ... Liquefaction is a frequently occurring problem taking place when transporting wet granular solid bulk cargoes on board ...
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Iron ore fines with goethite content <35% are susceptible to liquefaction, and its TML can be obtained through the Modified Proctor/Fagerberg Test for Iron Ore Fines (PFD80), a compaction test ...
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This deeply technical study concluded that the dam collapsed after the liquefaction of iron ore mining waste caused by the interaction between two types of tailings – sands and slimes – and ...
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Iron Ore Fines (IOF) are a product of iron ore, commonly having a particle size less than 6.3 mm, which is transported around the world in bulk carriers. Since the holds of bulk carriers are not designed to carry liquid, if liquefaction of IOF or other …
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Iron and other mineral ore as well as bauxite cargoes which are left in the open prior to shipment are subject to rain and weather conditions, which can increase the moisture content to dangerous ...
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Fig 2: Iron ore fines before and after liquefaction [12] 2.1 ACCIDENTS and TOTAL LOSS DUE TO CARGO LIQUEFACTION There have been a series of total losses and serious incidents caused by cargo liquefaction. This may result in serious stability problems as loss of lives and total loses of ship, see table-1.
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Iron ore fines before and after liquefaction. 2014 5 safe sailing conditions for a cargo with unsafe moisture content. Liquefaction can occur unpredictably even in relatively calm conditions on a vessel at anchorage or proceeding at …
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The International Group understands that some cargoes of iron ore fines intended for shipment from the port of Pepel have been stockpiled outdoors …
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Bauxite is an aluminium ore and is the main source of aluminium. This form of rock consists mostly of the minerals gibbsite Al(OH)3, boehmite y-AlO(OH), and diaspore a-AlO(OH), in a mixture with the two iron oxides goethite and hematite, the clay mineral kaolinite, and small amounts of anatase TiO2 A brownish-yellow clay-like and earthy mineral.
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For Fe ore fines, the goethite content (by mass) has been shown to be very important for a fine ore sample's ability to hold water and its ability to resist liquefaction during bulk shipping (Iron Ore Technical Working …
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During this same 10-year period, the report identifies a total of 27 bulk carriers over 10,000 dwt as total losses with 92 lives lost. While liquefaction accounted for 18.5% of the total vessel ...
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Typical cargoes affected by liquefaction include nickel ore, iron ore fines, bauxite fines, mineral concentrates and some by-products such as 'red mud', although this list is by no means exhaustive and many other solid bulk cargoes are susceptible to the risk of liquefaction. International legal regime
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The liquefaction of Iron Ore Fines (IOF) during maritime transportation has got more attention in recent years. To study its liquefaction mechanism, the undrained monotonic loading tests on ...
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loading iron ore fines in India, again suffering liquefaction of the cargo. Masters, ship's officers and chartering managers should understand the dangers of liquefaction of certain cargos – usually wet mineral ore fines, but also other cargos such as coal slurry and wet sand. The International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners (INTERCARGO)
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As seen in Fig. 2, as a result of the liquefaction of Group A cargoes, the risk of capsizing of the ships was calculated as 13%. The results indicate that if sufficient precautions are not taken during the transportation of cargoes with the risk of liquefaction, such as iron ore, it will pose a threat to the safety of the ship. 2.2.2.
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1. Introduction. Shipping by sea currently accounts for more than 80% of global trade volume, with iron ore accounting for the largest solid bulk turnover per year, totaling 1.4 billion metric tons by sea in 2016, mainly from Australia (57%) and Brazil (26%) to China (71%) [1].Brazil is the second largest iron ore exporter and has approximately …
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associated with liquefaction and the precautions to minimize these risks. It is not intended to replace, in any way or form, the official IMO regulations and guidance notes or any document that forms part of a vessel's safety management system. Millions of tonnes of cargo (iron ore fines, coal, manganese ore fines and nickel ore) that are ...
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Iron Ore This cargo is loaded very fast, 10,000 tonnes an hour is not unusual. The loading and de-ballasting of the ship must be meticulously planned to ensure that the vessel is not overstressed. ... Risk of iron ore …
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Members should be aware that iron ore fines shipped from Pepel with a high moisture content may liquefy. When the moisture content is above 14% the risk of liquefaction is very high. Typically, iron ore fines from the region will display moisture contents of between 13% and 16% during the wet season. In addition, it is normal for the …
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The new schedule for iron ore fines, (a Group A cargo), is valid for iron ore cargoes containing both 10% or more of fine particles less than 1mm in diameter and 50% or …
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Liquefaction potential evaluation for iron ore fines based on a correlation between moisture content and cyclic strength 1. Introduction. Iron ore fines (IOFs) are …
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_. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the dynamics and mechanical characteristics of saturated iron ore fines in bulk carriers by the roll motion using the microscopic fluid coupling scheme devised in the discrete element method. The scheme solves pore water pressure in particle assemblies by the change of void spaces and …
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To avoid accidents due to nickel ore liquefaction please read the following: Safe Carriage of nickel ore Safe loading in cargo in bulk of nickel ore. 3. Iron Ore Fines and Iron Concentrate (Sinter Feed) Iron …
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The ship capsized on 17 July 2009, without loss of life, after suspected liquefaction of the iron ore fines cargo. The capsizing occurred only 2 h after leaving harbour, when the ship encountered bad weather conditions. The ship began listing dangerously at around 50° to port before all crew abandoned the vessel. The cargo had …
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Marine insurer Gard said last week that it had been notified of a number of cases of actual liquefaction/dynamic separation of iron ore fines loaded from Sierra Leone. Gard said that it had been working closely with experts to understand the scale of the problem on the cargo loaded from Sierra Leone. After a careful review of shippers ...
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When liquefaction occurs, a material undergoes a transition from a solid to a liquid state and, in general, it is caused by the pore water pressure increasing above the …
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The liquefaction of Iron Ore Fines (IOF) during maritime transportation has got more attention in recent years. To study its liquefaction mechanism, the undrained monotonic loading tests on ...
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In the carriage of iron ore, the following precautions should be taken: Iron ores are heavy cargoes which occupy a small area for a large weight, ie they have a low stowage factor (between 0.240.80 m3/tonne). It is therefore important that the tanktop has sufficient strength to carry certain iron ores. If a bulk carrier loads a homogeneous ...
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Investigating the susceptibility of iron ore to liquefaction Leon A. van Paassen 1, Philip J. Vardon1, Arno Mulder 1, Geert van de Weg1 and Paul Jeffrey2 1Section of Geo-Engineering, Department of ...
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Iron ore fines are of increasing concern, particularly shipments from Sierra Leone arising from a phased restart of iron mines in the region and with vessels loading such cargoes in the port of Pepel.
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Liquefaction of an iron ore bulk cargo is a process where the bulk material flows in a manner resembling a liquid under the monotonic or cyclic ship motion. Under the regulation of the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargo Code (IMSBC Code) [10], a Transportable Moisture Limit (TML) test shall be conducted on all eligible iron ore fines ...
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The application of the schedule to iron ore cargoes is defined in terms of particle size and goethite content, and correlates with the new entry for the Group A cargo Iron Ore Fines. Significant amendments to the Code have been made for the purpose of incorporating the requirements of MARPOL Annex V as far as these regulations apply to …
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Nickel ore, iron ore fines and bauxite for instance, have all exhibited liquefaction properties despite being originally unclassified or listed as Group C cargoes. Nickel Ore - Has been referred to as "The Deadliest Cargo" - Nickel ore carriage represents just 0.06% of world trade since 2010, but has resulted in 80% of deaths at sea
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In 2009 two ships - the Asian Forest and the Black Rose - capsized and sank following liquefaction of iron ore fines which they had loaded at the Indian ports of Mangalore and Paradip. There have been other …
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Unpredictable weather patterns linked to climate change could lead to greater risk of liquefaction of bulk cargoes such as bauxite and nickel ore, experts say. 01 Dec 2021. News. Nidaa Bakhsh @LloydsListNidaa nidaa.bakhsh@lloydslistintelligence. Legal and technical experts highlight the potential risk, following a number of non-fatal ...
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