The deposit is located in the eastern part of the Pavlovsk depression (Fig. 1), one of the depressions that make up the Pavlovsk coalfield (Pavlyutkin et al., 2005).The general features of the geological structure of the Spetsugli germanium coal deposit within the Pavlovsk brown- coal deposit have been described in detail in numerous works …
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The currently greatest emission of germanium into the environment comes from the combustion of Ge-rich coal in coal-fired power stations. The fly ash resulting from coal combustion is relatively rich in germanium, but the recuperation of Ge from this complex matrix too demanding to be economically feasible at this point (Ayres et al. 2001 ).
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Germanium is most commonly produced from sphalerite zinc ores but is also known to be extracted from fly ash coal (produced from coal power plants) and some copper ores. Regardless of the source of material, all germanium concentrates are first purified using a chlorination and distillation process that produces germanium …
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Germanium is recovered as a byproduct from Zn-refineries and coal fly ash. Yet very low amount (<3%) of Ge contained in Zn-ores and fly ash is recovered worldwide, which suggests that the criticality of Ge is due to lack of economical and efficient extraction and recovery process rather than lack of resources.
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The Wulantuga, Lincang, and similar germanium deposits are abnormally enriched in organically associated Ge and W. In this study, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation is employed to investigate the structure and bonding nature of W in coal, which helps for a better knowledge of the mode of occurrence of organically bound …
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In some downloadable packages or web services for MRDS, the commodities are abbreviated using short codes rather than full names. This table gives the codes and their meanings. Also available as tab-delimited text. Code. Commodity name. ABR. Abrasive. ABR_C. Abrasive, Corundum.
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around the world. Intensive work on the introduction of clean coal technologies, such as coal gasification, is also underway in Poland, where in April 2021, 51.41% of energy came from bituminous coal and 26.91% from lignite [3]. Coal gasification and combustion processes produce fly and bottom ashes, which must be properly …
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The concentration of germanium in the coal ash ranges from .0018 percent to .0575 percent, and in the total coal from .0006 per cent to .0116 per cent. The demand for germanium in many phases of the electronic industry and its relatively short supply have prompted extensive research into possible sources of this element.
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Germanium and indium are two important elements used in electronics devices, flat-panel display screens, light-emitting diodes, night vision devices, optical fiber, optical lens systems, and solar power arrays. Germanium and indium are treated together in this chapter because they have similar technological uses and because both are recovered …
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American Elements produces a wide range of glass and crystalline materials for optical, laser, lighting, electronics and other applications. Optical products are engineered to meet the most rigorous quality standards and produced from ultra-high purity materials. Production of crystalline materials is overseen by experts at our state-of-the-art crystal …
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The solubility of germanium (IV) oxide in aqueous NaOH solutions at 25 953 Upon extrapolation of the solubility curve to zero NaOH concentration, an intercept of 1.60 10-3 molar Ge was obtained. This is interpreted to be the concentration of molecular GeO2 in solution. Then, for the reaction, GeO~(~) = GeO2(aq) (2) Ks =- aoeo2 =- 1"60 10-3 AF2 ...
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Germanium can be divalent, but such components are less stable. ... (700 ppm), garnet (180 ppm), clinopyroxene (80 ppm), muscovite (63 ppm), microcline (29 ppm) and quartz (7 ppm). The tin oxide cassiterite contains up to 315 ppm and the low temperature wood tin up to 1%. ... Lignite and coal concentrate Ge, because it forms organometallic ...
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germanium from the processing of fly ash from coal-fired boilers, but no current germanium/flyash production in the U.S. The USGS estimated that in 2007, the United States consumed 132,000 pounds of germanium; 86% (115,000 pounds) of this was imported. U.S. germanium imports doubled between 2005 and 2006, most of it coming …
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•Germanium for microchips ... Potential Supply in US Legacy Coal Ash, At Current Rates of Consumption •Nd 172,000 tons ~ 40-year supply (estimate) •Dy 62,000 tons ~ 14-year supply (estimate) ... Garnet Abrasives and Sands •Garnet –Used as Industrial Abrasives
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Furthermore, this study proposes a new methodology for reducing the garnet/Li–metal interfacial resistance by depositing a thin germanium (Ge) (20 nm) layer on garnet. By applying this approach, the garnet/Li–metal interfacial resistance decreases from ≈900 to ≈115 Ω cm 2 due to an alloying reaction between the Li metal and the Ge. In ...
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Coals contain 92.6% of the germanium reserves in the categories A + B + C 1, 54.9% in brown coal and 37.7% in hard coal [ 2 ]. In Russia, the extraction of germanium from sulfide ores is 27.3%, and the main metal mining is carried out from coals of the Pavlovsk brown coal deposit in the Primorskii krai. Here, in the field of the Pavlovsk-2 …
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It is expected that at least 119 kt (∼7 kt in zinc ores and ∼112 kt in coal) of recoverable germanium exist within proven reserves (at present stage of knowledge) at …
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Credit: Wikipedia/CC BY 3.0. A team of researchers at Germany's Freiburg University of Mining and Technology has found a new way to get germanium (which was first discovered in that country and ...
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Germanium, which is currently classified as a critical mineral in the U.S., is also extracted as a byproduct from deposits in Alaska, Washington, and Tennessee. …
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particularly germanium. The paper presents the results of germanium content determination in the Polish hard coal. 23 coal samples of various coal ranks were analysed. The samples were collected from 15 mines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and from one mine of the Lublin Coal Basin. The determination of germanium content was performed …
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Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis. The main sources of Ge are sulfides ores of Zn, Pb, and Cu, coal deposits, as well as by-products and residues from the processing of these ores …
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Germanium is widely distributed in the Earth's crust and is mined primarily for use in the electronic and optical industries. The average germanium content in the upper continental crust is estimated at 1.4 ppm (Rudnick and Gao 2003).Germanium commonly demonstrates silicon-like geochemistry and is used as a tracer in petrogenetic processes …
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Recently, germanium (Ge) and germanium tin (GeSn) have attracted intensive attention in nanophotonic devices and optical interconnects due to their compatibility in CMOS technology, tunable direct bandgap, and high mobility. 13–15 Furthermore, highly doped Ge at room temperature has both large spin–orbit coupling …
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Currently, germanium is produced as a byproduct of zinc-bearing ore deposits. Acid mine drainage may have elevated signatures of germanium because of germanium's strong association to sulfide minerals (Shanks and others, 2017). Germanium is also recovered from lignite and coal deposits worldwide (Melcher and Buchholz, 2014).
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In the course of work on the behaviour of germanium and other trace elements during the utilization of coal, we have obtained results suggesting conclusions rather different from …
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Germanium (Ge) in the investigated coals ranges from 10.4 to 57.6 μg/g, with an average of 32.8 μg/g. Average concentrations of Ge in coal samples are about 16 …
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This work reveals the first hafnium germanate with garnet-type of structure. The synthesis and structure analysis of Na3 Hf 1.7 Ge 3 O 10 (OH) 1.8 show potentially …
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such as white mica (63 mg kg-1), garnet (180 mg kg-1) and especially topaz (700 mg kg-1) having Ge contents up to several hundred mg kg-1 (Schroll 1999b). Germanium levels in clastic sedimentary rocks are usually in the range of 1 to 2 mg kg-1, similar to that of most igneous rocks. Evaporite and pure limestone, however, have very low Ge contents,
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The germanium content in lignites and vitrains from mines in the Kharanorsk coal bed is of the same order as its content in the coal. The lignite/coal ratio for germanium is up to 2.5. Analogous germanium content is noted in vitrains from Duroevsk coal ( Table 1 ). Mordoi vitrains have relatively high germanium content.
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Germanium present in coal can be adsorbed by both organic matter and the clay minerals. Also, trace amounts of Ge may be detected in sulfide and silicate minerals.
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The Mohs hardness scale measures a mineral's resistance to scratching. Find the traditional scale here and a chart of select gems ordered by hardness.
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Current annual production of refined germanium is led by China at 85,000 tons, while estimates place U.S. reserves near 2,500 tons. Reported production of germanium in the U.S. is limited to one site, the Apex mine in Washington County, Utah. The Apex mine produced gallium (Ga) and germanium as primary products during the …
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As a rare and dispersed element, germanium cannot form independent ore deposits but can be enriched in coal and sphalerite. The target of this research is the Cretaceous Ge-rich coal seam of the ...
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